| A | |
| 安全网 | safety net |
| 按可比口径 | on comparable basis |
| 按轻重缓急 | to prioritize |
| 暗补 | implicit subsidy |
| 暗亏 | hidden loss |
| B | |
| 颁发营业执照 | to license;to grant a licence to |
| 办理存款业务 | to take deposits |
| 保护农民的生产积极性 | to protect farmers'incentive to produce |
| 备付金（超额准备金） | excess reserves |
| 本外币并账 | consolidation of domestic and foreign currencyaccounts |
| 本外币对冲操作 | sterilization operation |
| 本位利益 | localized interest;departmentalism |
| 奔小康 | to strive to prosper;to strive to become well-to-do |
| 避税（请见“逃税”） | tax avoidance |
| 币种搭配不当 | currency mismatch |
| 币种构成 | currency composition |
| 变相社会集资 | disguised irregular（or illegal） fund raising |
| 表外科目（业务） | off-balance-sheet items（operation） |
| 薄弱环节 | weaknesses;loopholes |
| 不变成本 | fixed cost |
| 不变价 | at constant price;in real terms |
| 不动产 | real estate |
| 不良贷款（资产） | problem loans；non-performing loans（assets） |
| C | |
| 财务公司 | finance companies |
| 财政赤字 | fiscal deficit |
| 财政挤银行 | fiscal pressure on the central bank（over monetary policy） |
| 财政政策与货币政策的配合 | coordination of fiscal and monetary policies |
| 采取循序渐进的方法 | in a phased and sequenced manner |
| 操作弹性 | operational flexibility |
| 操纵汇率 | to manipulate exchange rate |
| 产品构成 | product composition;product mix |
| 产品积压 | stock pile;excessive inventory |
| 产销率 | current period inventory;（即期库存，不含前期库存）sales/output ratio |
| 产销衔接 | marketability |
| 产业政策 | industrial policy |
| 长期国债 | treasury bonds |
| 敞口头寸 | open position |
| 炒股 | to speculate in the stock market |
| 承购包销 | underwrite（securities） |
| 成套机电产品 | complete sets of equipment;complete plant（s） |
| 城市信用社 | urban credit cooperatives（UCCs） |
| 城市合作银行 | urban cooperative banks;municipal united banks |
| 城市商业银行 | municipal commercial banks |
| 城乡居民收入增长超过物价涨幅 | real growth in household income |
| 持续升温 | persistent overheating |
| 重复布点 | duplicate projects |
| 重置成本 | replacement cost |
| 重组计划 | restructuring plan |
| 筹资渠道 | funding sources;financing channels |
| 初见成效 | initial success |
| 出口统一管理、归口经营 | canalization of exports |
| 出口退税 | export tax rebate |
| 储蓄存款 | household deposits（不完全等同于西方的savingsdeposits，前者包括活期存款，后者不包括。） |
| 储蓄分流 | diversion of household deposits |
| 储源萎缩 | decline in the availability of household savings |
| 传导机制 | transmission mechanism |
| 从价税 | ad valorem tax |
| 从紧控制 | tight control |
| 存贷款比例 | loan/deposit ratio |
| 存款保险体系 | deposit insurance system |
| 存款货币银行 | deposit money banks |
| 存款准备金 | required reserves |
| D | |
| 打白条 | issue IOU |
| 大额存单 | certificate of deposit（CD） |
| 大额提现 | withdraw deposits in large amounts |
| 大面积滑坡 | wide-spread decline |
| 大一统的银行体制 | （all-in-one）mono-bank system |
| 呆账（请见“坏账”） | bad loans |
| 呆账准备金 | loan loss reserves（provisions） |
| 呆滞贷款 | idle loans |
| 贷款沉淀 | non-performing loans |
| 贷款分类 | loan classification |
| 贷款限额管理 | credit control;to impose credit ceiling |
| 贷款约束机制 | credit disciplinary（constraint）mechanism |
| 代理国库 | to act as fiscal agent |
| 代理金融机构贷款 | make loans on behalf of other institutions |
| 戴帽贷款 | ear-marked loans |
| 倒逼机制 | reversed transmission of the pressure for easing monetary condition |
| 道德风险 | moral hazard |
| 地区差别 | regional disparity |
| 第一产业 | the primary industry |
| 第二产业 | the secondary industry |
| 第三产业 | the service industry;the tertiary industry |
| 递延资产 | deferrable assets |
| 订货不足 | insufficient orders |
| 定期存款 | time deposits |
| 定向募集 | raising funds from targeted sources |
| 东道国（请见“母国”） | host country |
| 独立核算 | independent accounting |
| 短期国债 | treasury bills |
| 对冲操作 | sterilization operation;hedging |
| 对非金融部门债权 | claims on non-financial sector |
| 多种所有制形式 | diversified ownership |
| E | |
| 恶性通货膨胀 | hyperinflation |
| 二级市场 | secondary market |
| F | |
| 发行货币 | to issue currency |
| 发行总股本 | total stock issue |
| 法定准备金 | required reserves;reserve requirement |
| 法人股 | institutional shares |
| 法人股东 | institutional shareholders |
| 法治 | rule of law |
| 房地产投资 | real estate investment |
| 放松银根 | to ease monetary policy |
| 非现场稽核 | off-site surveillance（or monitoring） |
| 非银行金融机构 | non-bank financial institutions |
| 非赢利性机构 | non-profit organizations |
| 分税制 | assignment of central and local taxes;tax assignment system |
| 分业经营 | segregation of financial business（services）;division of business scope based on the type of financial institutions |
| 风险暴露（风险敞口） | risk exposure |
| 风险管理 | risk management |
| 风险意识 | risk awareness |
| 风险资本比例 | risk-weighted capital ratios |
| 风险资本标准 | risk-based capital standard |
| 服务事业收入 | public service charges;user's charges |
| 扶贫 | poverty alleviation |
| 负增长 | negative growth |
| 复式预算制 | double-entry budgeting;capital and current budgetary account |
| G | |
| 改革试点 | reform experimentation |
| 杠杆率 | leverage ratio |
| 杠杆收购 | leveraged buyout |
| 高息集资 | to raise funds by offering high interest |
| 个人股 | non-institutional shares |
| 根本扭转 | fundamental turnaround（or reversal） |
| 公开市场操作 | open market operations |
| 公款私存 | deposit public funds in personal accounts |
| 公用事业 | public utilities |
| 公有经济 | the state-owned sector;the public sector |
| 公有制 | public ownership |
| 工业成本利润率 | profit-to-cost ratio |
| 工业增加值 | industrial value added |
| 供大于求 | supply exceeding demand;excessive supply |
| 鼓励措施 | incentives |
| 股份合作企业 | joint-equity cooperative enterprises |
| 股份制企业 | joint-equity enterprises |
| 股份制银行 | joint-equity banks |
| 固定资产贷款 | fixed asset loans |
| 关税减免 | tariff reduction and exemption |
| 关税减让 | tariff concessions |
| 关税优惠 | tariff incentives;preferential tariff treatment |
| 规范行为 | to regularize（or standardize）…behavior |
| 规模效益 | economies of scale |
| 国计民生 | national interest and people's livelihood |
| 国家对个人其他支出 | other government outlays to individuals |
| 国家风险 | country risk |
| 国际分工 | international division of labor |
| 国际收支 | balance of payments |
| 国有独资商业银行 | wholly state-owned commercial banks |
| 国有经济（部门） | the state-owned（or public）sector |
| 国有企业 | state-owned enterprises（SOEs） |
| 国有制 | state-ownership |
| 国有资产流失 | erosion of state assets |
| 国债回购 | government securities repurchase |
| 国债一级自营商 | primary underwriters of government securities |
| 过度竞争 | excessive competition |
| 过度膨胀 | excessive expansion |
| 过热迹象 | signs of overheating |
| H | |
| 合理预期 | rational expectation |
| 核心资本 | core capital |
| 合资企业 | joint-venture enterprises |
| 红利 | dividend |
| 宏观经济运营良好 | sound macroeconomic performance |
| 宏观经济基本状况 | macroeconomic fundamentals |
| 宏观调控 | macroeconomic management（or adjustment） |
| 宏观调控目标 | macroeconomic objectives（or targets） |
| 坏账 | bad debt |
| 还本付息 | debt service |
| 换汇成本 | unit export cost;local currency cost of export earnings |
| 汇兑在途 | funds in float |
| 汇兑支出 | advance payment of remittance by the beneficiary's bank |
| 汇率并轨 | unification of exchange rates |
| 活期存款 | demand deposits |
| 汇率失调 | exchange rate misalignment |
| 混合所有制 | diversified（mixed）ownership |
| 货币政策态势 | monetary policy stance |
| 货款拖欠 | overdue obligations to suppliers |
| J | |
| 基本建设投资 | investment in infrastructure |
| 基本经济要素 | economic fundamentals |
| 基本适度 | broadly appropriate |
| 基准利率 | benchmark interest rate |
| 机关团体存款 | deposits of non-profit institutions |
| 机会成本 | opportunity cost |
| 激励机制 | incentive mechanism |
| 积压严重 | heavy stockpile;excessive inventory |
| 挤提存款 | run on banks |
| 挤占挪用 | unwarranted diversion of（financial）resources（from designated uses） |
| 技改投资 | investment in technological upgrading |
| 技术密集型产品 | technology-intensive product |
| 计划单列市 | municipalities with independent planning status |
| 计划经济 | planned economy |
| 集体经济 | the collective sector |
| 加大结构调整力度 | to intensify structural adjustment |
| 加工贸易 | processing trade |
| 加快态势 | accelerating trend |
| 加强税收征管稽查 | to enhance tax administration |
| 加权价 | weighted average price |
| 价格放开 | price liberalization |
| 价格形成机制 | pricing mechanism |
| 减亏 | to reduce losses |
| 简化手续 | to cut red tape;to simplify（streamline）procedures |
| 交投活跃 | brisk trading |
| 缴存准备金 | to deposit required reserves |
| 结构扭曲 | structural distortion |
| 结构失调 | structural imbalance |
| 结构性矛盾突出 | acute structural imbalance |
| 结构优化 | structural improvement（optimization） |
| 结汇、售汇 | sale and purchase of foreign exchange |
| 金融脆弱 | financial fragility |
| 金融动荡 | financial turbulence |
| 金融风波 | financial disturbance |
| 金融恐慌 | financial panic |
| 金融危机 | financial crisis |
| 金融压抑 | financial repression |
| 金融衍生物 | financial derivatives |
| 金融诈骗 | financial fraud |
| 紧缩银根 | to tighten monetary policy |
| 紧缩政策 | austerity policies;tight financial policies |
| 经常账户可兑换 | current account convertibility |
| 经济特区 | special economic zones（SEZs） |
| 经济体制改革 | economic reform |
| 经济增长方式的转变 | change in the main source of economic growth（from investment expansion to efficiency gains） |
| 经济增长减速 | economic slowdown;moderation in economic growth |
| 经济制裁 | economic sanction |
| 经营自主权 | autonomy in management |
| 景气回升 | recovery in business activity |
| 境外投资 | overseas investment |
| 竞争加剧 | intensifying competition |
| 局部性金融风波 | localized（isolated）financial disturbance |
| K | |
| 开办人民币业务 | to engage in RMB business |
| 可维持（可持续）经济增长 | sustainable economic growth |
| 可变成本 | variable cost |
| 可自由兑换货币 | freely convertible currency |
| 控制现金投放 | control currency issuance |
| 扣除物价因素 | in real terms;on inflation-adjusted basis |
| 库存产品 | inventory |
| 跨国银行业务 | cross-border banking |
| 跨年度采购 | cross-year procurement |
| 会计准则 | accounting standard |
| L | |
| 来料加工 | processing of imported materials for export |
| 离岸银行业务 | off-shore banking（business） |
| 理顺外贸体制 | to rationalize foreign trade regime |
| 利率杠杆的调节作用 | the role of interest rates in resource allocation |
| 利润驱动 | profit-driven |
| 利息回收率 | interest collection ratio |
| 联行清算 | inter-bank settlement |
| 连锁企业 | franchise（businesses）;chain businesses |
| 良性循环 | virtuous cycle |
| 两极分化 | growing income disparity;polarization in income distribution |
| 零售物价指数 | retail price index（RPI） |
| 流动性比例 | liquidity ratio |
| 流动资产周转率/流通速度 | velocity of liquid assets |
| 流动资金贷款 | working capital loans |
| 流通体制 | distribution system |
| 流通网络 | distribution network |
| 留购（租赁期满时承租人可购买租赁物） | hire purchase |
| 垄断行业 | monopolized industry（sector） |
| 乱集资 | irregular（illegal）fund raising |
| 乱收费 | irregular（illegal）charges |
| 乱摊派 | unjustified（arbitrary）levies |
| M | |
| 买方市场 | buyer's market |
| 卖方市场 | seller's market |
| 卖出回购证券 | matched sale of repo |
| 贸易差额 | trade balance |
| 民间信用 | non-institutionalized credit |
| 免二减三 | exemption of income tax for the first two years ofmaking profit and 50% tax reduction for thefollowing three years |
| 明补 | explicit subsidy |
| 明亏 | explicit loss |
| 名牌产品 | brand products |
| 母国（请见“东道国”） | home country |
| N | |
| 内部控制 | internal control |
| 内部审计 | internal audit |
| 内地与香港 | the mainland and Hong Kong |
| 内债 | domestic debt |
| 扭亏为盈 | to turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one |
| 扭曲金融分配 | distorted allocation of financial resources |
| 农副产品采购支出 | outlays for agricultural procurement |
| 农村信用社 | rural credit cooperatives（RCCs） |
| P | |
| 泡沫效应 | bubble effect |
| 泡沫经济 | bubble economy |
| 培育新的经济增长点 | to tap new sources of economic growth |
| 片面追求发展速度 | excessive pursuit of growth |
| 平衡发展 | balanced development |
| 瓶颈制约 | bottleneck（constraints） |
| 平稳回升 | steady recovery |
| 铺底流动资金 | initial（start-up）working capital |
| 普遍回升 | broad-based recovery |
| 配套改革 | concomitant（supporting）reforms |
| 配套人民币资金 | local currency funding of… |
| Q | |
| 企业办社会 | enterprises burdened with social responsibilities |
| 企业集团战略 | corporate group strategy |
| 企业兼并重组 | company merger and restructuring |
| 企业领导班子 | enterprise management |
| 企业所得税 | enterprise（corporate）income tax |
| 企业效益 | corporate profitability |
| 企业资金违规流入股市 | irregular flow of enterprise funds into the stock market |
| 欠税 | tax arrears |
| 欠息 | overdue interest |
| 强化税收征管 | to strengthen tax administration |
| 强制措施 | enforcement action |
| 翘尾因素 | carryover effect |
| 切一刀 | partial application |
| 清理收回贷款 | clean up and recover loans |
| （破产）清算 | liquidation |
| 倾斜政策 | preferential policy |
| 区别对待 | differential treatment |
| 趋势加强 | intensifying trend |
| 全球化 | globalization |
| 权益回报率 | returns on equity（ROE） |
| 缺乏后劲 | unsustainable momentum |
| R | |
| 绕规模贷款 | to circumvent credit ceiling |
| 人均国内生产总值 | per capita GDP |
| 人均收入 | per capita income |
| 人民币升值压力 | upward pressure on the Renminbi（exchange rate） |
| 认缴资本 | subscribed capital |
| 软贷款 | soft loans |
| 软预算约束 | soft budget constraint |
| 软着陆 | soft landing |
| S | |
| 三角债 | chain debts;inter-enterprise arrears |
| 善政廉政 | good governance |
| 商业贷款 | commercial loans |
| 上市公司 | （publicly）listed corporations |
| 设备利用 | capacity utilization |
| 社会保障 | social safety net;social security（insurance） |
| 深层次矛盾 | deep-rooted structural imbalance |
| 审批金融机构 | to license financial institutions |
| 审慎监管 | prudential supervision |
| 生产能力闲置 | unutilized capacity |
| 生息资产 | interest-bearing assets |
| 实际利用外资 | disbursement of foreign capital;actual inflow of foreign investment |
| 实际有效汇率 | real effective exchange rate |
| 实时 | real time |
| 实收资本 | paid-in capital |
| 实现利润 | realized profit |
| 市场分割 | market segmentation |
| 市场经济 | market economy |
| 市场占有率（市场份额） | market share |
| 市场准入 | market access（指商品和劳务的进入）；market entry（指机构的审批） |
| 市价总值 | market capitalization |
| 适度从紧 | appropriately tight |
| 适时调节 | timely adjustment |
| 收回对金融机构贷款 | to recall central bank loans （to financial institutions） |
| 税后还贷 | amortization（repayment of loans）after tax |
| 税收流失 | tax erosion |
| 税源不足 | weak tax base |
| 私营经济（私人经济） | the private sector |
| 私有制 | private ownership |
| 所有者权益 | owner's equity |
| T | |
| 逃税（请见“避税”） | tax evasion |
| 套汇 | （1）指合法：currency swap;arbitrage（2）指非法：illegal purchase of foreign exchange |
| 剔除季节性因素 | seasonally adjusted |
| 调节流动性 | to influence liquidity level |
| 贴现窗口 | discount window |
| 同比 | on year-on-year basis;over the same period of the previous year |
| 同业拆借（放） | inter-bank borrowing（lending） |
| 同业拆借市场利率（中国） | CHIBOR（China inter-bank offered rate） |
| 同业融通票据 | inter-bank financing bills |
| 同业往来 | inter-bank transactions |
| 透支 | overdraft |
| 退税 | tax refund（rebate） |
| 头寸 | position |
| 吞吐基础货币 | adjustment of monetary base |
| 脱媒现象 | disintermediation |
| W | |
| 外部审计 | external audit |
| 外国直接投资 | foreign direct investment （FDI） |
| 外汇储备 | foreign exchange reserves |
| 外汇调剂 | foreign exchange swap |
| 外汇占款 | the RMB counterpart of foreign exchange reserves;the RMB equivalent of offcial foreign exchange holdings |
| 外向型经济 | export-oriented economy |
| 外债 | external debt |
| 外资企业 | foreign-funded enterprises |
| 完善现代企业制度 | to improve the modern enterprise system |
| 完税凭证 | tax payment documentation |
| 违法经营 | illegal business |
| 委托存款 | entrusted deposits |
| 稳步增长 | steady growth |
| 稳健的银行系统 | a sound banking system |
| 稳中求进 | to make progress while ensuring stability |
| 无纸交易 | book-entry（or paperless/scriptless）transaction |
| 物价监测 | price monitoring |
| X | |
| 吸纳流动性 | to absorb liquidity |
| 稀缺经济 | scarcity economy |
| 洗钱 | money laundering |
| 系统内调度 | fund allocation within a bank |
| 系统性金融危机 | systemic financial crisis |
| 下岗工人 | laid-off employees |
| 下游企业 | down-stream enterprises |
| 现场稽核 | on-site examination |
| 现金滞留（居民手中） | cash held outside the banking system |
| 乡镇企业 | township and village enterprises（TVEs） |
| 消费物价指数 | consumer price index（CPI） |
| 消费税 | excise（consumption）tax |
| 消灭财政赤字 | to balance the budget;to eliminate fiscal deficit |
| 销货款回笼 | reflow of corporate sales income to the banking system |
| 销售平淡 | lackluster sales |
| 协议外资金额 | committed amount of foreign investment |
| 新经济增长点 | new sources of economic growth |
| 新开工项目 | new projects;newly started projects |
| 新增贷款 | incremental credit; loan increment; credit growth; credit expansion |
| 新增就业位置 | new jobs;new job opportunities |
| 信贷规模考核 | review the compliance with credit ceilings |
| 信号失真 | distorted signals |
| 信托投资公司 | trust and investment companies |
| 信息不对称 | information asymmetry |
| 信息反馈 | feedback（information） |
| 信息共享系统 | information sharing system |
| 信息披露 | information disclosure |
| 信用扩张 | credir expansion |
| 信用评级 | credit rating |
| 姓“资”还是姓“社” | pertaining to socialism or capitalism;socialist orcaptialist |
| 行政措施 | administrative measures |
| 需求膨胀 | demand expansion; excessive demand |
| 虚伪存款 | window-dressing deposits |
| 削减冗员 | to shed excess labor force |
| 寻租 | rent seeking |
| 迅速反弹 | quick rebound |
| Y | |
| 养老基金 | pension fund |
| 一刀切 | universal application;non-discretionary implementation |
| 一级市场 | primary market |
| 应收未收利息 | overdue interest |
| 银行网点 | banking outlets |
| 赢利能力 | profitability |
| 营业税 | business tax |
| 硬贷款（商业贷款） | commercial loans |
| 用地审批 | to grant land use right |
| 有管理的浮动汇率 | managed floating exchange rate |
| 证券投资 | portfolio investment |
| 游资（热钱） | hot money |
| 有市场的产品 | marketable products |
| 有效供给 | effective supply |
| 诱发新一轮经济扩张 | trigger a new round of economic expansion |
| 逾期贷款 | overdue loans;past-due loans |
| 与国际惯例接轨 | to become compatible with internationally accepted |
| 与国际市场接轨 | to integrate with the world market |
| 预算外支出（收入） | off-budget （extra-budgetary） expenditure（revenue） |
| 预调 | pre-emptive adjustment |
| 月环比 | on a month-on-month basis; on a monthly basis |
| Z | |
| 再贷款 | central bank lending |
| 在国际金融机构储备头寸 | reserve position in international financial institutions |
| 在人行存款 | deposits at （with） the central bank |
| 在途资金 | fund in float |
| 增加农业投入 | to increase investment in agriculture |
| 增势减缓 | deceleration of growth;moderation of growthmomentum |
| 增收节支措施 | revenue-enhancing and expenditure control measures |
| 增长平稳 | steady growth |
| 增值税 | value-added tax（VAT） |
| 涨幅偏高 | higher-than-desirable growth rate;excessive growth |
| 账外账 | concealed accounts |
| 折旧 | depreciation |
| 整顿 | retrenchment;consolidation |
| 政策工具 | policy instrument |
| 政策性业务 | policy-related operations |
| 政策性银行 | policy banks |
| 政策组合 | policy mix |
| 政府干预 | government intervention |
| 证券交易清算 | settlement of securities transactions |
| 证券业务占款 | funding of securities purchase |
| 支付困难 | payment difficulty |
| 支付能力 | payment capacity |
| 直接调控方式向 | to increase the reliance on indirect policy instruments |
| 间接调控方式转变职能转换 | transformation of functions |
| 职业道德 | professional ethics |
| 指令性措施 | mandatory measures |
| 指令性计划 | mandatory plan;administered plan |
| 制定和实施货币政策 | to conduct monetary policy;to formulate and implement monetary policy |
| 滞后影响 | lagged effect |
| 中介机构 | intermediaries |
| 中央与地方财政 | delineation of fiscal responsibilities |
| 分灶吃饭重点建设 | key construction projects;key investment project |
| 周期谷底 | bottom（trough）of business cycle |
| 周转速度 | velocity |
| 主办银行 | main bank |
| 主权风险 | sovereign risk |
| 注册资本 | registered capital |
| 逐步到位 | to phase in;phased implementation |
| 逐步取消 | to phase out |
| 抓大放小 | to seize the big and free the small（to maintain close oversight on the large state-ownedenterprises and subject smaller ones to market competition） |
| 专款专用 | use of funds as ear-marked |
| 转贷 | on-lending |
| 转轨经济 | transition economy |
| 转机 | turnaround |
| 转折关头 | turning point |
| 准财政赤字 | quasi-fiscal deficit |
| 准货币 | quasi-money |
| 资本不足 | under-capitalized |
| 资本充足率 | capital adequacy ratio |
| 资本利润率 | return on capital |
| 资本账户可兑换 | capital account convertibility |
| 资不抵债 | insolvent;insolvency |
| 资产负债表 | balance sheet |
| 资产负债率 | liability/asset ratio;ratio of liabilities to assets |
| 资产集中 | asset concentration |
| 资产贡献率 | asset contribution factor |
| 资产利润率 | return on assets （ROA） |
| 资产质量 | asset quality |
| 资产组合 | asset portfolio |
| 资金成本 | cost of funding;cost of capital;financing cost |
| 资金到位 | fully funded （project） |
| 资金宽裕 | to have sufficient funds |
| 资金利用率 | fund utilization rate |
| 资金缺口 | financing gap |
| 资金体外循环 | financial disintermediation |
| 资金占压 | funds tied up |
| 自筹投资项目 | self-financed projects |
| 自有资金 | equity fund |
| 综合国力 | overall national strength（often measured by GDP） |
| 综合效益指标 | overall efficiency indicator |
| 综合治理 | comprehensive adjustment（retrenchment）;over-haul |
| 总成交额 | total contract value |
| 总交易量 | total amount of transactions |
| 总成本 | total cost |
| 最后贷款人 | lender of last resort |